This is the note for some phonetics, to help memorization.

Simplified Table of English Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Interdental	Alveolar	Alveopalatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Oral Stop	/p b/			/t d/			/k g/	/ʔ/
Fricative		/f v/	/θ ð/	/s z/	/ʃ ʒ/			/h/
Affricate					/tʃ dʒ/
Nasal Stop	/m/			/n/			/ŋ/
Retroflex Approximant				/r/
Glides	/w/					/j/	/w/
Lateral Approximant				/l/

Places of Articulation

	Place of Articulation	Consonants (IPA)	Example Words	Chinese Translation
Labial（唇区）	Bilabial	/p b m/	pat, bat, man	双唇音
	Labiodental	/f v/	fine, vine	唇齿音
	Labiovelar	/w/	wet, window	唇软腭音
Interdental	Interdental	/θ ð/	thin, this	齿间音
Alveolar	Alveolar	/t d n s z l r/	ten, dog, no, see, zoo, light, red	齿龈音
Palatal & Alveopalatal	Palatal & Alveopalatal	/ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ j/	she, vision, check, judge, yes	腭音/腭龈音
Velar	Velar	/k g ŋ/	cat, go, sing	软腭音
Glottal	Glottal	/h/, [ʔ]	hat, uh-oh	声门音

Manners of Articulation

Voiceless and Voiced

Voiceless: allow air to pass through the glottis without interference.

Voiced: the air passing through causes the vocal folds to vibrate against each other.

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Stops

Oral Stops: Oral means restricting airflow through the nasal cavity.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Voiceless	/p/ pit	/t/ tall	/k/ curl	/ʔ/ uh-oh
Voiced	/b/ bit	/d/ doll	/g/ girl

Nasal Stops: Nasal means allowing airflow through the nasal cavity.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar
Voiced	/m/ meet	/n/ null	/ŋ/ sing

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Fricatives

Fricatives are consonantal sounds made with continuous airflow.

	Labiodental	Interdental	Alveolar	Alveopalatal	Glottal
Voiceless	/f/ fan	/θ/ thought	/s/ sit	/ʃ/ fresh	/h/ hat
Voiced	/v/ van	/ð/ though	/z/ zit	/ʒ/ treasure

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Affricates

Affricates are made by briefly creating a complete closure in the oral cavity and blocking the airstream before releasing the pressure to produce frication.

	Alveopalatal
Voiceless	/tʃ/ church
Voiced	/dʒ/ judge

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Approximants (Liquids)

Lateral Approximants: touch the alveolar ridge with the tip of the tongue while the air flows on the sides of the tongue (i.e., the airflow is lateral).

Retroflex Approximants: the tongue either bunched up around the hard palate, or by curling the tongue tip towards the alveolar ridge.

	Alveolar
Voiced, Lateral	/l/ lead
Voiced, Retroflex	/r/ reed

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Glides

Glides are made with little obstruction in the oral cavity.

	Palatal	Labiovelar
Voiced	/j/ yoke	/w/ woke